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we've found two correlations one is a

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correlation that more massive galaxies

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contain more massive black holes and the

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other is a correlation that galaxies in

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which the stars are moving faster

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what the results are telling us both of

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these correlations are telling us are

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screaming something important others

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they're telling us that there's a very

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close correlation very close connection

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between the time in the history of the

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black hole and the black hole got most

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of its mass and it's a process by which

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the galaxies form and we have suspected

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that there is such a correlation for a

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long time but it gets a lot more

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ironclad when the correlations that we

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for the past thirty years many people

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have been trying to understand quasars

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and they've built up a very complicated

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theoretical picture about what quasars

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are and on the other hand there have

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been other people who have been trying

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to understand galaxy formation and

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they've picked built up several pictures

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actually of how galaxies might form but

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the quasar in the galaxy formation

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pictures weren't very closely connected

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what our work has helped to do is cement

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the connection between the quasar and

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galaxy formation pictures and in doing

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so reduced the number of possibilities

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about galaxy formation that people are

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one of the missions of the hubble space

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telescope since the very beginning I

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think was always thought to be the

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search for supermassive black holes

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because what you need to do is be able

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to see very close to galaxy centers and

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getting outside the atmosphere is

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central to being able to do that so this

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problem has always been on our mind and

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similarly the properties of the

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spectrograph were designed in part to

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make it possible to do this kind of a

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search so both the Hubble Space

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Telescope and this spectrograph

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specifically are addressing a lot of

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problems but one of the central ones has

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this spectrum shows the other parts of

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the galaxy well in the inner parts of

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and the problem is that the surface

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brightness is bearing a lot galaxy

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that's bright so I can also display this

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and then you can begin to see that

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there's a zigzag in the spectral lines

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that's the signature of the black hole

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but you can't see it very well so if I

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take the surface brightness gradient and

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divide it out then I get this image now

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the surface brightness doesn't vary

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anymore because I've taken it out and

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all you see is the spectral lines and if

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you look at this you see there's a

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collection of very narrow lines here in

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here there night-sky absorption lines

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water in the Earth's atmosphere these

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are the lines that belong to the galaxy

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and you can see that these lines have a

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very big zigzagging in them and that's

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the Doppler shift the color at which the

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atoms in the star surfaces are absorbing

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light which is that color that color in

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that color but not these that color is

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being shifted it because the stars are

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moving so on one side it's shifted

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toward the red and the other side is

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shifted toward the blue that's because

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as you look at this galaxy this side is

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spinning away from you and the other

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side is spin towards so on one side the

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lights blue shifted and I'm the only

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side of the center the light red shifted

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like that and that's the signature of my

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home near the black hole the Stars have

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to move very fast because there's all

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this extra mass support and then I can

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take this spectrum and run it through a

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reduction program that calculates

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velocities right because all here here

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you see qualitatively what's going on

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but if I run it through the program that

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car

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velocities quantitative data

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this shows a quantitative version of

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this brightness as a function of color

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so it's a cut through this and this is a

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cut bad at large Radeon and these three

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spectral lines are these three spectral

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lines and you can see they're not as

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narrow as the night-sky lines but fairly

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narrow that's because the stars aren't

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this is a standard stuff so this is one

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single stock and you can see how much

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narrower the lines are the fact that the

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lines were broad and the other one means

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the stars are moving a little bit this

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is how the rotation velocity depends on

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position so rotation here rotation here

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rotation here and then as you get into

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the zigzag there's the big zigzag and

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rotation velocity and I can expand this

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up so you see it better this is just the

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very center you can see how very fast

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the center spinning on one side the

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Stars are going away from us at 150

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kilometres per second on the other side

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the Stars are coming toward us at 150

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kilometres per second because the centre

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spinning and at the very center of